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Solar eclipse

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the video game, see <a href="Solar_Eclipse_(video_game)" title="Solar Eclipse (video game)">Solar Eclipse (video game)</a>. For the song, see <a href="Solar_Eclipse_(song)" title="Solar Eclipse (song)">Solar Eclipse (song)</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Eclipse of the Sun" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="Eclipse_of_the_Sun_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Eclipse of the Sun (disambiguation)">Eclipse of the Sun (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon completely covers the Sun's disk. <a href="Solar_prominence" title="Solar prominence">Solar prominences</a> can be seen along the limb (in red) as well as extensively the <a href="Solar_corona" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar corona">coronal</a> and partly the radiating <a href="Coronal_streamer" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronal streamer">coronal streamers</a>. (<a href="Solar_eclipse_of_August_11%2C_1999" title="Solar eclipse of August 11, 1999">August 11, 1999</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon is too far away to completely cover the Sun's disk (<a href="Solar_eclipse_of_October_14%2C_2023" title="Solar eclipse of October 14, 2023">October 14, 2023</a>).</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">During a partial solar eclipse, the Moon blocks only part of the Sun's disk (<a href="Solar_eclipse_of_October_25%2C_2022" title="Solar eclipse of October 25, 2022">October 25, 2022</a>).</div></td></tr></tbody></table>

A solar eclipse occurs when the <a href="Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> passes between <a href="Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> and the <a href="Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, thereby obscuring the view of the Sun from a small part of Earth, totally or partially. Such an alignment occurs approximately every six months, during the <a href="Eclipse_season" title="Eclipse season">eclipse season</a> in its <a href="New_moon" title="New moon">new moon</a> phase, when the Moon's orbital plane is closest to <a href="Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">the plane of Earth's orbit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> In a total <a href="Eclipse" title="Eclipse">eclipse</a>, the disk of the Sun is fully obscured by the Moon. In <a href="#Types">partial and annular eclipses</a>, only part of the Sun is obscured. Unlike a <a href="Lunar_eclipse" title="Lunar eclipse">lunar eclipse</a>, which may be viewed from anywhere on the <a href="Night" title="Night">night</a> side of Earth, a solar eclipse can only be viewed from a relatively small area of the world. As such, although total solar eclipses occur somewhere on Earth every 18 months on average, they recur at any given place only once every 360 to 410 years.

If the Moon were in a perfectly circular orbit and in the same orbital plane as Earth, there would be total solar eclipses once a month, at every new moon. Instead, because the Moon's orbit is <a href="Inclination" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclination">tilted</a> at about 5 degrees to Earth's orbit, its shadow usually misses Earth. Solar (and lunar) eclipses therefore happen only during <a href="Eclipse_season" title="Eclipse season">eclipse seasons</a>, resulting in at least two, and up to five, solar eclipses each year, no more than two of which can be total.<a href="#cite_note-totality-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Total eclipses are rarer because they require a more precise alignment between the centers of the Sun and Moon, and because the Moon's <a href="Angular_diameter" title="Angular diameter">apparent size</a> in the sky is sometimes too small to fully cover the Sun.

An eclipse is a <a href="List_of_natural_phenomena" title="List of natural phenomena">natural phenomenon</a>. In some ancient and modern cultures, solar eclipses were attributed to <a href="Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> causes or regarded as bad <a href="Omen" title="Omen">omens</a>. Astronomers' predictions of eclipses began in China as early as the 4th century BC; eclipses hundreds of years into the future may now be predicted with high accuracy.

<a href="Sungazing" title="Sungazing">Looking directly at the Sun</a> can lead to permanent eye damage, so special eye protection or indirect viewing techniques are used when viewing a solar eclipse. Only the total phase of a total solar eclipse is safe to view without protection. Enthusiasts known as <a href="Eclipse_chasing" title="Eclipse chasing">eclipse chasers</a> or umbraphiles travel to remote locations to see solar eclipses.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div>

The Sun's distance from Earth is about 400 times the Moon's distance, and the Sun's <a href="Diameter" title="Diameter">diameter</a> is about 400 times the Moon's diameter. Because these ratios are approximately the same, the Sun and the Moon as seen from Earth appear to be approximately the same size: about 0.5 <a href="Degree_of_arc" class="mw-redirect" title="Degree of arc">degree of arc</a> in angular measure.<a href="#cite_note-Harrington10-6">[6]</a>

The Moon's orbit around Earth is slightly <a href="Ellipse" title="Ellipse">elliptical</a>, as is Earth's orbit around the Sun. The apparent sizes of the Sun and Moon therefore vary.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The <a href="Magnitude_of_an_eclipse" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnitude of an eclipse">magnitude of an eclipse</a> is the ratio of the apparent size of the Moon to the apparent size of the Sun during an eclipse. An eclipse that occurs when the Moon is near its closest distance to Earth (i.e., near its <a href="Perigee" class="mw-redirect" title="Perigee">perigee</a>) can be a total eclipse because the Moon will appear to be large enough to completely cover the Sun's bright disk or <a href="Photosphere" title="Photosphere">photosphere</a>; a total eclipse has a magnitude greater than or equal to 1.000. Conversely, an eclipse that occurs when the Moon is near its farthest distance from Earth (i.e., near its <a href="Apogee" class="mw-redirect" title="Apogee">apogee</a>) can be only an annular eclipse because the Moon will appear to be slightly smaller than the Sun; the magnitude of an annular eclipse is less than 1.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>

Because Earth's orbit around the Sun is also elliptical, Earth's distance from the Sun similarly varies throughout the year. This affects the apparent size of the Sun in the same way, but not as much as does the Moon's varying distance from Earth.<a href="#cite_note-Harrington10-6">[6]</a> When Earth approaches its <a href="Aphelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphelion">farthest distance from the Sun</a> in early July, a total eclipse is somewhat more likely, whereas conditions favour an annular eclipse when Earth approaches its <a href="Perihelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion">closest distance to the Sun</a> in early January.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>

There are three main types of solar eclipses:<a href="#cite_note-Baylor2024-10">[10]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Total_eclipse">Total eclipse</h3></div>

A total eclipse occurs on average every 18 months<a href="#cite_note-:0-11">[11]</a> when the dark silhouette of the Moon completely obscures the bright light of the Sun, allowing the much fainter <a href="Solar_corona" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar corona">solar corona</a> to be visible. During an eclipse, totality occurs only along a narrow track on the surface of Earth.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> This narrow track is called the path of totality.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annular_eclipse">Annular eclipse</h3></div>

An annular eclipse, like a total eclipse, occurs when the Sun and Moon are exactly in line with Earth. During an annular eclipse, however, the apparent size of the Moon is not large enough to completely block out the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-Harrington10-6">[6]</a> Totality thus does not occur; the Sun instead appears as a very bright ring, or <a href="Annulus_(mathematics)" title="Annulus (mathematics)">annulus</a>, surrounding the dark disk of the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-Harrington10-6">[6]</a> Annular eclipses occur once every one or two years, not annually.<a href="#cite_note-:0-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-EclipseAnnularAnnual-14">[14]</a> The term derives from the <a href="Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <a href="Root_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Root word">root word</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anulus#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:anulus">anulus</a>, meaning "ring", rather than <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/annus#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:annus">annus</a>, for "year".<a href="#cite_note-EclipseAnnularAnnual-14">[14]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partial_eclipse">Partial eclipse</h3></div>

A partial eclipse occurs about twice a year,<a href="#cite_note-:0-11">[11]</a> when the Sun and Moon are not exactly in line with Earth and the Moon only partially obscures the Sun. This phenomenon can usually be seen from a large part of Earth outside of the track of an annular or total eclipse. However, some eclipses can be seen only as a partial eclipse, because the <a href="Umbra" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbra">umbra</a> passes above Earth's polar regions and never intersects Earth's surface.<a href="#cite_note-Harrington10-6">[6]</a> Partial eclipses are virtually unnoticeable in terms of the Sun's brightness, as it takes well over 90% coverage to notice any darkening at all. Even at 99%, it would be no darker than <a href="Civil_twilight" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil twilight">civil twilight</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hybrid_eclipse">Hybrid eclipse</h3></div>

A hybrid eclipse (also called annular/total eclipse) shifts between a total and annular eclipse. At certain points on the surface of Earth, it appears as a total eclipse, whereas at other points it appears as annular. Hybrid eclipses are comparatively rare.<a href="#cite_note-Harrington10-6">[6]</a>

A hybrid eclipse occurs when the magnitude of an eclipse changes during the event from less to greater than one, so the eclipse appears to be total at locations nearer the midpoint, and annular at other locations nearer the beginning and end, since the sides of Earth are slightly further away from the Moon. These eclipses are extremely narrow in their path width and relatively short in their duration at any point compared with fully total eclipses; the <a href="Solar_eclipse_of_April_20%2C_2023" title="Solar eclipse of April 20, 2023">2023 April 20 hybrid eclipse</a>'s totality is over a minute in duration at various points along the path of totality. Like a <a href="Focus_(optics)" title="Focus (optics)">focal point</a>, the width and duration of totality and annularity are near zero at the points where the changes between the two occur.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_eclipse">Central eclipse</h3></div>

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</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:458px;max-width:458px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"></div><div class="thumbcaption">Each icon shows the view from the centre of its black spot, representing the Moon (not to scale)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"></div><div class="thumbcaption">Diamond ring effect at third contact—the end of totality—with visible prominences (<a href="Solar_eclipse_of_August_21%2C_2017" title="Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017">August 21, 2017</a>)</div></div></div></div></div>

Central eclipse is often used as a generic term for a total, annular, or hybrid eclipse.<a href="#cite_note-SEpath-17">[17]</a> This is, however, not completely correct: the definition of a central eclipse is an eclipse during which the central line of the umbra touches Earth's surface. It is possible, though extremely rare, that part of the umbra intersects with Earth (thus creating an annular or total eclipse), but not its central line. This is then called a non-central total or annular eclipse.<a href="#cite_note-SEpath-17">[17]</a> <a href="Gamma_(eclipse)" title="Gamma (eclipse)">Gamma</a> is a measure of how centrally the shadow strikes. The last (umbral yet) non-central solar eclipse was <a href="Solar_eclipse_of_April_29%2C_2014" title="Solar eclipse of April 29, 2014">on April 29, 2014</a>. This was an annular eclipse. The next non-central total solar eclipse will be <a href="Solar_eclipse_of_April_9%2C_2043" title="Solar eclipse of April 9, 2043">on April 9, 2043</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eclipse_phases">Eclipse phases</h3></div>

The visual phases observed during a total eclipse are called:<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a>

<ul><li>First contact—when the Moon's limb (edge) is exactly tangential to the Sun's limb.</li>

<li>Second contact—starting with <a href="Baily's_Beads" class="mw-redirect" title="Baily's Beads">Baily's Beads</a> (caused by light shining through valleys on the Moon's surface) and the <a href="Diamond_ring_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamond ring effect">diamond ring effect</a>. Almost the entire disk is covered.</li>

<li>Totality—the Moon obscures the entire disk of the Sun and only the <a href="Stellar_corona" title="Stellar corona">solar corona</a> is visible.</li>

<li>Third contact—when the first bright light becomes visible and the Moon's shadow is moving away from the observer. Again a diamond ring may be observed.</li>

<li>Fourth contact—when the trailing edge of the Moon ceases to overlap with the solar disk and the eclipse ends.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Predictions">Predictions</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geometry">Geometry</h3></div>

The diagrams to the right show the alignment of the Sun, Moon, and Earth during a solar eclipse. The dark gray region between the Moon and Earth is the <a href="Umbra" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbra">umbra</a>, where the Sun is completely obscured by the Moon. The small area where the umbra touches Earth's surface is where a total eclipse can be seen. The larger light gray area is the <a href="Penumbra" class="mw-redirect" title="Penumbra">penumbra</a>, in which a partial eclipse can be seen. An observer in the <a href="Umbra" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbra">antumbra</a>, the area of shadow beyond the umbra, will see an annular eclipse.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a>

The <a href="Orbit_of_the_Moon" title="Orbit of the Moon">Moon's orbit</a> around Earth is inclined at an angle of just over 5 degrees to the plane of Earth's orbit around the Sun (the <a href="Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a>). Because of this, at the time of a new moon, the Moon will usually pass to the north or south of the Sun. A solar eclipse can occur only when a new moon occurs close to one of the points (known as <a href="Orbital_node" title="Orbital node">nodes</a>) where the Moon's orbit crosses the ecliptic.<a href="#cite_note-Harrington-21">[21]</a>

As noted above, the Moon's orbit is also <a href="Ellipse" title="Ellipse">elliptical</a>. The Moon's distance from Earth varies by up to about 5.9% from its average value. Therefore, the Moon's apparent size varies with its distance from Earth, and it is this effect that leads to the difference between total and annular eclipses. The distance of Earth from the Sun also varies during the year, but this is a smaller effect (by up to about 0.85% from its average value). On average, the Moon appears to be slightly (2.1%) smaller than the Sun as seen from Earth, so the majority (about 60%) of central eclipses are annular. It is only when the Moon is closer to Earth than average (near its <a href="Perigee" class="mw-redirect" title="Perigee">perigee</a>) that a total eclipse occurs.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a>

</th>

<th colspan="2">Moon

</th>

<th colspan="2">Sun

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<th width="100">At perigee (nearest)

</th>

<th width="100">At apogee (farthest)

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<th width="100">At perihelion (nearest)

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<th width="100">At aphelion (farthest)

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<th>Mean radius

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<td colspan="2">1737.10 km (1079.38 mi)

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<td colspan="2">696000 km (432000 mi)

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<th>Distance

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<td>363104 km (225622 mi)

</td>

<td>405696 km (252088 mi)

</td>

<td>147098070 km (91402500 mi)

</td>

<td>152097700 km (94509100 mi)

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<th style="line-height: 120%;">Angular diameter<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a>

</th>

<td>33' 30" (0.5583°)

</td>

<td>29' 26" (0.4905°)

</td>

<td>32' 42" (0.5450°)

</td>

<td>31' 36" (0.5267°)

</td></tr>

<th style="line-height:120%">Apparent size to scale

</th>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

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<th style="line-height: 120%;">Order by decreasing apparent size

</th>

<td>1st

</td>

<td>4th

</td>

<td>2nd

</td>

<td>3rd

</td></tr></tbody></table>

The Moon orbits Earth in approximately 27.3 days, relative to a <a href="Inertial_frame_of_reference" title="Inertial frame of reference">fixed frame of reference</a>. This is known as the <a href="Sidereal_month" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidereal month">sidereal month</a>. However, during one sidereal month, Earth has revolved part way around the Sun, making the average time between one new moon and the next longer than the sidereal month: it is approximately 29.5 days. This is known as the <a href="Synodic_month" class="mw-redirect" title="Synodic month">synodic month</a> and corresponds to what is commonly called the <a href="Lunar_month" title="Lunar month">lunar month</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harrington-21">[21]</a>

The Moon crosses from south to north of the ecliptic at its <a href="Ascending_node" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascending node">ascending node</a>, and vice versa at its descending node.<a href="#cite_note-Harrington-21">[21]</a> However, the nodes of the Moon's orbit are gradually moving in a <a href="Retrograde_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Retrograde motion">retrograde motion</a>, due to the action of the Sun's gravity on the Moon's motion, and they make a complete circuit every 18.6 years. This regression means that the time between each passage of the Moon through the ascending node is slightly shorter than the sidereal month. This period is called the nodical or <a href="Draconic_month" class="mw-redirect" title="Draconic month">draconic month</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a>

Finally, the Moon's perigee is moving forwards or precessing in its orbit and makes a complete circuit in 8.85 years. The time between one perigee and the next is slightly longer than the sidereal month and known as the <a href="Anomalistic_month" class="mw-redirect" title="Anomalistic month">anomalistic month</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a>

The Moon's orbit intersects with the ecliptic at the two nodes that are 180 degrees apart. Therefore, the new moon occurs close to the nodes at two periods of the year approximately six months (173.3 days) apart, known as <a href="Eclipse_season" title="Eclipse season">eclipse seasons</a>, and there will always be at least one solar eclipse during these periods. Sometimes the new moon occurs close enough to a node during two consecutive months to eclipse the Sun on both occasions in two partial eclipses. This means that, in any given year, there will always be at least two solar eclipses, and there can be as many as five.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a>

Eclipses can occur only when the Sun is within about 15 to 18 degrees of a node, (10 to 12 degrees for central eclipses). This is referred to as an eclipse limit, and is given in ranges because the apparent sizes and speeds of the Sun and Moon vary throughout the year. In the time it takes for the Moon to return to a node (draconic month), the apparent position of the Sun has moved about 29 degrees, relative to the nodes.<a href="#cite_note-totality-2">[2]</a> Since the eclipse limit creates a window of opportunity of up to 36 degrees (24 degrees for central eclipses), it is possible for partial eclipses (or rarely a partial and a central eclipse) to occur in consecutive months.<a href="#cite_note-period-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a>

During a central eclipse, the Moon's umbra (or antumbra, in the case of an annular eclipse) moves rapidly from west to east across Earth. Earth is also rotating from west to east, at about 28 km/min at the Equator, but as the Moon is moving in the same direction as <a href="Earth's_rotation" title="Earth's rotation">Earth's rotation</a> at about 61 km/min, the umbra almost always appears to move in a roughly west–east direction across a map of Earth at the speed of the Moon's orbital velocity minus Earth's rotational velocity.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a>

The width of the track of a central eclipse varies according to the relative apparent diameters of the Sun and Moon. In the most favourable circumstances, when a total eclipse occurs very close to perigee, the track can be up to 267 km (166 mi) wide and the duration of totality may be over 7 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Outside of the central track, a partial eclipse is seen over a much larger area of Earth. Typically, the umbra is 100–160 km wide, while the penumbral diameter is in excess of 6400 km.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a>

<a href="Besselian_elements" title="Besselian elements">Besselian elements</a> are used to predict whether an eclipse will be partial, annular, or total (or annular/total), and what the eclipse circumstances will be at any given location.<a href="#cite_note-ExplanatorySupplement3-33">[33]</a>: Chapter 11

Calculations with Besselian elements can determine the exact shape of the umbra's shadow on Earth's surface. But at what longitudes on Earth's surface the shadow will fall, is a function of Earth's rotation, and on how much that rotation has slowed down over time. A number called <a href="%CE%94T_(timekeeping)" title="ΔT (timekeeping)">ΔT</a> is used in eclipse prediction to take this slowing into account. As Earth slows, ΔT increases. ΔT for dates in the future can only be roughly estimated because Earth's rotation is slowing irregularly. This means that, although it is possible to predict that there will be a total eclipse on a certain date in the far future, it is not possible to predict in the far future exactly at what longitudes that eclipse will be total. Historical records of eclipses allow estimates of past values of ΔT and so of Earth's rotation.

<a href="#cite_note-ExplanatorySupplement3-33">[33]</a>: Equation 11.132

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duration">Duration</h3></div>

The following factors determine the duration of a total solar eclipse (in order of decreasing importance):<a href="#cite_note-longest-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a>

<ol><li>The Moon being almost exactly at perigee (making its angular diameter as large as possible).</li>

<li>Earth being very near <a href="Apsis" title="Apsis">aphelion</a> (furthest away from the Sun in its elliptical orbit, making its angular diameter nearly as small as possible).</li>

<li>The midpoint of the eclipse being very close to Earth's equator, where the rotational velocity is greatest and is closest to the speed of the lunar shadow moving over Earth's surface.</li>

<li>The vector of the eclipse path at the midpoint of the eclipse aligning with the vector of Earth's rotation (i.e. not diagonal but due east).</li>

<li>The midpoint of the eclipse being near the <a href="Subsolar_point" title="Subsolar point">subsolar point</a> (the part of Earth closest to the Sun).</li></ol>

The longest eclipse that has been calculated thus far is the eclipse of <a href="Solar_eclipse_of_July_16%2C_2186" title="Solar eclipse of July 16, 2186">July 16, 2186</a> (with a maximum duration of 7 minutes 29 seconds over northern Guyana).<a href="#cite_note-longest-34">[34]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence_and_cycles">Occurrence and cycles</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Eclipse_cycle" title="Eclipse cycle">Eclipse cycle</a></div>

A total solar eclipse is a rare event, recurring somewhere on Earth every 18 months on average,<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> yet is estimated to recur at any given location only every 360–410 years on average.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The total eclipse lasts for only a maximum of a few minutes at any location because the Moon's umbra moves eastward at over 1700 km/h (1100 mph; 470 m/s; 1500 ft/s).<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Totality currently can never last more than 7 min 32 s. This value changes over the millennia and is currently decreasing. By the 8th millennium, the longest theoretically possible total eclipse will be less than 7 min 2 s.<a href="#cite_note-longest-34">[34]</a> The last time an eclipse longer than 7 minutes occurred was <a href="Solar_eclipse_of_June_30%2C_1973" title="Solar eclipse of June 30, 1973">June 30, 1973</a> (7 min 3 sec). <a href="1973_Eclipse_Flight_of_Concorde_001" class="mw-redirect" title="1973 Eclipse Flight of Concorde 001">Observers aboard a Concorde supersonic aircraft were able to stretch totality for this eclipse to about 74 minutes</a> by flying along the path of the Moon's umbra.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The next total eclipse exceeding seven minutes in duration will not occur until <a href="Solar_eclipse_of_June_25%2C_2150" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar eclipse of June 25, 2150">June 25, 2150</a>. The longest total solar eclipse during the 11000 year period from 3000 BC to at least 8000 AD will occur on <a href="Solar_eclipse_of_July_16%2C_2186" title="Solar eclipse of July 16, 2186">July 16, 2186</a>, when totality will last 7 min 29 s.<a href="#cite_note-longest-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> For comparison, the longest total eclipse of the 20th century at 7 min 8 s occurred on <a href="Solar_eclipse_of_June_20%2C_1955" title="Solar eclipse of June 20, 1955">June 20, 1955</a>, and there will be no total solar eclipses over 7 min in duration in the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a>

It is possible to predict other eclipses using <a href="Eclipse_cycle" title="Eclipse cycle">eclipse cycles</a>. The <a href="Saros_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Saros cycle">saros</a> is probably the best known and one of the most accurate. A saros lasts 6585.3 days (a little over 18 years), which means that, after this period, a practically identical eclipse will occur. The most notable difference will be a westward shift of about 120° in longitude (due to the 0.3 days) and a little in latitude (north-south for odd-numbered cycles, the reverse for even-numbered ones). A saros series always starts with a partial eclipse near one of Earth's polar regions, then shifts over the globe through a series of annular or total eclipses, and ends with a partial eclipse at the opposite polar region. A saros series lasts 1226 to 1550 years and 69 to 87 eclipses, with about 40 to 60 of them being central.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frequency_per_year">Frequency per year</h3></div>

Between two and five solar eclipses occur every year, with at least one per <a href="Eclipse_season" title="Eclipse season">eclipse season</a>. Since the <a href="Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> was instituted in 1582, years that have had five solar eclipses were 1693, 1758, 1805, 1823, 1870, and 1935. The next occurrence will be 2206.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> On average, there are about 240 solar eclipses each century.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a>

<caption>The five solar eclipses of 1935

</caption>

<th><a href="Solar_eclipse_of_January_5%2C_1935" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar eclipse of January 5, 1935">January 5</a>

</th>

<th><a href="Solar_eclipse_of_February_3%2C_1935" title="Solar eclipse of February 3, 1935">February 3</a>

</th>

</th>

</th>

<th><a href="Solar_eclipse_of_December_25%2C_1935" title="Solar eclipse of December 25, 1935">December 25</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>Partial (south)

</th>

<th>Partial (north)

</th>

<th>Partial (north)

</th>

<th>Partial (south)

</th>

<th>Annular (south)

</th></tr>

<td> Saros 111

</td>

<td> Saros 149

</td>

<td> Saros 116

</td>

<td> Saros 154

</td>

<td> Saros 121

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_totality">Final totality</h3></div>

Total solar eclipses are seen on Earth because of a fortuitous combination of circumstances. Even on Earth, the diversity of eclipses familiar to people today is a temporary (on a geological time scale) phenomenon. Hundreds of millions of years in the past, the Moon was closer to Earth and therefore apparently larger, so every solar eclipse was total or partial, and there were no annular eclipses. Due to <a href="Tidal_acceleration" title="Tidal acceleration">tidal acceleration</a>, the orbit of the Moon around Earth becomes approximately 3.8 cm more distant each year. Millions of years in the future, the Moon will be too far away to fully occlude the Sun, and no total eclipses will occur. In the same timeframe, the Sun may become brighter, making it appear larger in size.<a href="#cite_note-fourmilab-46">[46]</a> Estimates of the time when the Moon will be unable to occlude the entire Sun when viewed from Earth range between 650 million<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> and 1.4 billion years in the future.<a href="#cite_note-fourmilab-46">[46]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viewing">Viewing</h2></div>

Looking directly at the <a href="Photosphere" title="Photosphere">photosphere</a> of the Sun (the bright disk of the Sun itself), even for just a few seconds, can cause permanent <a href="Solar_retinopathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar retinopathy">damage</a> to the <a href="Retina" title="Retina">retina</a> of the eye, because of the intense visible and invisible radiation that the photosphere emits. This damage can result in impairment of vision, up to and including <a href="Blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Blindness">blindness</a>. The retina has no sensitivity to pain, and the effects of retinal damage may not appear for hours, so there is no warning that injury is occurring.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a>

Under normal conditions, the Sun is so bright that it is difficult to stare at it directly. However, during an eclipse, with so much of the Sun covered, it is easier and more tempting to stare at it. Looking at the Sun during an eclipse is as dangerous as looking at it outside an eclipse, except during the brief period of totality, when the Sun's disk is completely covered (totality occurs only during a total eclipse and only very briefly; it does not occur during a partial or annular eclipse). Viewing the Sun's disk through any kind of optical aid (binoculars, a telescope, or even an optical camera viewfinder) is extremely hazardous and can cause irreversible eye damage within a fraction of a second.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partial_and_annular_eclipses">Partial and annular eclipses</h3></div>

<div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="Solar_viewer" title="Solar viewer">Eclipse glasses</a> filter out eye damaging radiation, allowing direct viewing of the Sun during all partial eclipse phases; they are not used during totality, when the Sun is completely eclipsed</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"></div><div class="thumbcaption">Pinhole projection method of observing partial solar eclipse. Insert (upper left): partially eclipsed Sun photographed with a white solar filter. Main image: projections of the partially eclipsed Sun (bottom right)</div></div></div></div></div>

Viewing the Sun during partial and annular eclipses (and during total eclipses outside the brief period of totality) requires special eye protection, or indirect viewing methods if eye damage is to be avoided. The Sun's disk can be viewed using appropriate filtration to block the harmful part of the Sun's radiation. Sunglasses do not make viewing the Sun safe. Only properly designed and certified solar filters should be used for direct viewing of the Sun's disk.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Especially, self-made filters using common objects such as a <a href="Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppy disk</a> removed from its case, a <a href="Compact_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Disc">Compact Disc</a>, a black colour slide film, smoked glass, etc. must be avoided.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-perkins-54">[54]</a>

The safest way to view the Sun's disk is by indirect projection.<a href="#cite_note-Harrington25-55">[55]</a> This can be done by projecting an image of the disk onto a white piece of paper or card using a pair of binoculars (with one of the lenses covered), a telescope, or another piece of cardboard with a small hole in it (about 1 mm diameter), often called a <a href="Pinhole_camera" title="Pinhole camera">pinhole camera</a>. The projected image of the Sun can then be safely viewed; this technique can be used to observe <a href="Sunspot" title="Sunspot">sunspots</a>, as well as eclipses. Care must be taken, however, to ensure that no one looks through the projector (telescope, pinhole, etc.) directly.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> A kitchen <a href="Colander" title="Colander">colander</a> with small holes can also be used to project multiple images of the partially eclipsed Sun onto the ground or a viewing screen. Viewing the Sun's disk on a video display screen (provided by a <a href="Video_camera" title="Video camera">video camera</a> or <a href="Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital camera</a>) is safe, although the camera itself may be damaged by direct exposure to the Sun. The optical viewfinders provided with some video and digital cameras are not safe. Securely mounting #14 welder's glass in front of the lens and viewfinder protects the equipment and makes viewing possible.<a href="#cite_note-perkins-54">[54]</a> Professional workmanship is essential because of the dire consequences any gaps or detaching mountings will have. In the partial eclipse path, one will not be able to see the corona or nearly complete darkening of the sky. However, depending on how much of the Sun's disk is obscured, some darkening may be noticeable. If three-quarters or more of the Sun is obscured, then an effect can be observed by which the daylight appears to be dim, as if the sky were overcast, yet objects still cast sharp shadows.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Totality">Totality</h3></div>

It is safe to observe the total phase of a solar eclipse directly only when the Sun's photosphere is completely covered by the Moon, and not before or after totality.<a href="#cite_note-Harrington25-55">[55]</a> During this period, the Sun is too dim to be seen through filters. The Sun's faint <a href="Stellar_corona" title="Stellar corona">corona</a> will be visible, and the <a href="Chromosphere" title="Chromosphere">chromosphere</a>, <a href="Solar_prominence" title="Solar prominence">solar prominences</a>, <a href="Coronal_streamer" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronal streamer">coronal streamers</a> and possibly even a <a href="Solar_flare" title="Solar flare">solar flare</a> may be seen. At the end of totality, the same effects will occur in reverse order, and on the opposite side of the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-total-58">[58]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eclipse_chasing">Eclipse chasing</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Eclipse_chasing" title="Eclipse chasing">Eclipse chasing</a></div>

A dedicated group of eclipse chasers have pursued the observation of solar eclipses when they occur around Earth.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> A person who chases eclipses is known as an umbraphile, meaning shadow lover.<a href="#cite_note-sola_Umbr-60">[60]</a> Umbraphiles travel for eclipses and use various tools to help view the sun including <a href="Solar_viewer" title="Solar viewer">solar viewing glasses</a>, also known as eclipse glasses, as well as telescopes.<a href="#cite_note-ecli_Safe-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-atla_Chas-62">[62]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photography">Photography</h3></div>

The first known photograph of a solar eclipse was taken on July 28, 1851, by <a href="Julius_Berkowski" title="Julius Berkowski">Julius Berkowski</a>, using the <a href="Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">daguerreotype</a> process.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a>

Photographing an eclipse is possible with fairly common camera equipment. In order for the disk of the Sun/Moon to be easily visible, a fairly high magnification <a href="Long_focus_lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Long focus lens">long focus lens</a> is needed (at least 200 mm for a 35 mm camera), and for the disk to fill most of the frame, a longer lens is needed (over 500 mm). As with viewing the Sun directly, looking at it through the optical viewfinder of a camera can produce damage to the retina, so care is recommended.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Solar filters are required for digital photography even if an optical viewfinder is not used. Using a camera's live view feature or an electronic viewfinder is safe for the human eye, but the Sun's rays could potentially irreparably damage digital image sensors unless the lens is covered by a properly designed solar filter.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_eclipses">Historical eclipses</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Eclipses_in_mythology_and_culture" title="Eclipses in mythology and culture">Eclipses in mythology and culture</a> and <a href="Lists_of_solar_eclipses" title="Lists of solar eclipses">Lists of solar eclipses</a></div>

Historical eclipses are a very valuable resource for historians, in that they allow a few historical events to be dated precisely, from which other dates and ancient calendars may be deduced.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The oldest recorded solar eclipse was recorded on a clay tablet found at <a href="Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a>, in modern <a href="Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, with two plausible dates usually cited: 3 May 1375 BC or 5 March 1223 BC, the latter being favored by most recent authors on the topic.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> A <a href="Assyrian_eclipse" title="Assyrian eclipse">solar eclipse of June 15, 763 BC</a> mentioned in an <a href="Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a> text is important for the <a href="Chronology_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Chronology of the ancient Near East">chronology of the ancient Near East</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> There have been other claims to date earlier eclipses. The legendary Chinese king <a href="Zhong_Kang" title="Zhong Kang">Zhong Kang</a> supposedly beheaded two astronomers, Hsi and Ho, who failed to predict an eclipse 4000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Perhaps the earliest still-unproven claim is that of archaeologist Bruce Masse, who putatively links an eclipse that occurred on May 10, 2807, BC with a possible <a href="Impact_event" title="Impact event">meteor impact</a> in the <a href="Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> on the basis of several ancient <a href="Flood_myth" title="Flood myth">flood myths</a> that mention a total solar eclipse.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a>

Eclipses have been interpreted as <a href="Omen" title="Omen">omens</a>, or portents.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The ancient Greek historian <a href="Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> wrote that <a href="Thales" class="mw-redirect" title="Thales">Thales of Miletus</a> predicted <a href="Eclipse_of_Thales" title="Eclipse of Thales">an eclipse that occurred during a battle</a> between the <a href="Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a> and the <a href="Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydians</a>. Both sides put down their weapons and declared peace as a result of the eclipse.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The exact eclipse involved remains uncertain, although the issue has been studied by hundreds of ancient and modern authorities. One likely candidate took place on May 28, 585 BC, probably near the <a href="Halys_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Halys River">Halys</a> river in <a href="Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> An eclipse recorded by Herodotus before <a href="Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes</a> departed for his expedition against <a href="Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greece</a>,<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> which is traditionally dated to 480 BC, was matched by <a href="John_Russell_Hind" title="John Russell Hind">John Russell Hind</a> to an annular eclipse of the Sun at <a href="Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a> on February 17, 478 BC.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Alternatively, a partial eclipse was visible from Persia on October 2, 480 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Espenak-78">[78]</a> Herodotus also reports a solar eclipse at <a href="Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a> during the <a href="Second_Persian_invasion_of_Greece" title="Second Persian invasion of Greece">Second Persian invasion of Greece</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The date of the eclipse (August 1, 477 BC) does not match exactly the conventional dates for the invasion accepted by historians.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a>

In ancient China, where solar eclipses were known as an "eating of the Sun" (rìshí 日食), the earliest records of eclipses date to around 720 BC.<a href="#cite_note-SciAm-81">[81]</a> The 4th century BC astronomer <a href="Shi_Shen" title="Shi Shen">Shi Shen</a> described the prediction of eclipses by using the relative positions of the Moon and Sun.<a href="#cite_note-Needham411-82">[82]</a>

Attempts have been made to establish the exact date of <a href="Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a> by assuming that the <a href="Crucifixion_darkness_and_eclipse" class="mw-redirect" title="Crucifixion darkness and eclipse">darkness described at Jesus's crucifixion</a> was a solar eclipse. This research has not yielded conclusive results,<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> and Good Friday is recorded as being at <a href="Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>, which is held at the time of a full moon. Further, the darkness lasted from the sixth hour to the ninth, or three hours, which is much, much longer than the eight-minute upper limit for any solar eclipse's totality. Contemporary chronicles wrote about an eclipse at the beginning of May <a href="664" title="664">664</a> that coincided with the beginning of the <a href="Plague_of_664" title="Plague of 664">plague of 664</a> in the British isles.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In the Western hemisphere, there are few reliable records of eclipses before AD 800, until the advent of Arab and monastic observations in the early medieval period.<a href="#cite_note-SciAm-81">[81]</a>

A <a href="Solar_eclipse_of_January_27%2C_632" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar eclipse of January 27, 632">solar eclipse took place on January 27, 632 over Arabia</a> during <a href="Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>'s lifetime. Muhammad denied the eclipse had anything to do with his son dying earlier that day, saying "The sun and the moon do not eclipse because of the death of someone from the people but they are two signs amongst the signs of God."<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The Cairo astronomer <a href="Ibn_Yunus" title="Ibn Yunus">Ibn Yunus</a> wrote that the calculation of eclipses was one of the many things that connect astronomy with the <a href="Islamic_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic law">Islamic law</a>, because it allowed knowing when <a href="Salat_al-Kusuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Salat al-Kusuf">a special prayer</a> can be made.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The first recorded observation of the corona was made in <a href="Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> in AD 968.<a href="#cite_note-Espenak-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-SciAm-81">[81]</a>

The first known telescopic observation of a total solar eclipse was made in France in 1706.<a href="#cite_note-SciAm-81">[81]</a> Nine years later, English astronomer <a href="Edmund_Halley" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund Halley">Edmund Halley</a> accurately predicted and observed the <a href="Solar_eclipse_of_May_3%2C_1715" title="Solar eclipse of May 3, 1715">solar eclipse of May 3, 1715</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Espenak-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-SciAm-81">[81]</a> By the mid-19th century, scientific understanding of the Sun was improving through observations of the Sun's corona during solar eclipses. The corona was identified as part of the Sun's atmosphere in <a href="Solar_eclipse_of_July_8%2C_1842" title="Solar eclipse of July 8, 1842">1842</a>, and the first photograph (or <a href="Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">daguerreotype</a>) of a total eclipse was taken of the <a href="Solar_eclipse_of_July_28%2C_1851" title="Solar eclipse of July 28, 1851">solar eclipse of July 28, 1851</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Espenak-78">[78]</a> <a href="Spectroscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectroscope">Spectroscope</a> observations were made of the <a href="Solar_eclipse_of_August_18%2C_1868" title="Solar eclipse of August 18, 1868">solar eclipse of August 18, 1868</a>, which helped to determine the chemical composition of the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-Espenak-78">[78]</a>

<a href="John_Fiske_(philosopher)" title="John Fiske (philosopher)">John Fiske</a> summed up myths about the solar eclipse like this in his 1872 book Myth and Myth-Makers, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">

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.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> the myth of Hercules and Cacus, the fundamental idea is the victory of the solar god over the robber who steals the light. Now whether the robber carries off the light in the evening when Indra has gone to sleep, or boldly rears his black form against the sky during the daytime, causing darkness to spread over the earth, would make little difference to the framers of the myth. To a chicken a solar eclipse is the same thing as nightfall, and he goes to roost accordingly. Why, then, should the primitive thinker have made a distinction between the darkening of the sky caused by black clouds and that caused by the rotation of the earth? He had no more conception of the scientific explanation of these phenomena than the chicken has of the scientific explanation of an eclipse. For him it was enough to know that the solar radiance was stolen, in the one case as in the other, and to suspect that the same demon was to blame for both robberies.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></blockquote>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Particular_observations,_phenomena_and_impact">Particular observations, phenomena and impact</h2></div>

A total solar eclipse provides a rare opportunity to observe the <a href="Solar_corona" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar corona">corona</a> (the outer layer of the Sun's atmosphere). Normally this is not visible because the <a href="Photosphere" title="Photosphere">photosphere</a> is much brighter than the corona. According to the point reached in the <a href="Solar_cycle" title="Solar cycle">solar cycle</a>, the corona may appear small and symmetric, or large and fuzzy. It is very hard to predict this in advance.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a>

Phenomena associated with eclipses include <a href="Shadow_bands" title="Shadow bands">shadow bands</a> (also known as flying shadows), which are similar to shadows on the bottom of a swimming pool. They occur only just prior to and after totality, when a narrow solar crescent acts as an <a href="Anisotropy" title="Anisotropy">anisotropic</a> light source.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> As the light filters through leaves of trees during a partial eclipse, the overlapping leaves create natural pinholes, displaying mini eclipses on the ground.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1919_observations">1919 observations</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Tests_of_general_relativity#Deflection_of_light_by_the_Sun" title="Tests of general relativity">Tests of general relativity § Deflection of light by the Sun</a></div>

The observation of a total <a href="Solar_eclipse_of_May_29%2C_1919" title="Solar eclipse of May 29, 1919">solar eclipse of May 29, 1919</a>, helped to confirm <a href="Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a>'s theory of <a href="General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a>. By comparing the apparent distance between stars in the constellation <a href="Taurus_(constellation)" title="Taurus (constellation)">Taurus</a>, with and without the Sun between them, <a href="Arthur_Eddington" title="Arthur Eddington">Arthur Eddington</a> stated that the <a href="Predictive_power" title="Predictive power">theoretical predictions</a> about <a href="Gravitational_lens" title="Gravitational lens">gravitational lenses</a> were confirmed.<a href="#cite_note-Eddington1920-92">[92]</a> The observation with the Sun between the stars was possible only during totality since the stars are then visible. Though Eddington's observations were near the experimental limits of accuracy at the time, work in the later half of the 20th century confirmed his results.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gravity_anomalies">Gravity anomalies</h3></div>

There is a long history of observations of gravity-related phenomena during solar eclipses, especially during the period of totality. <a href="Maurice_Allais" title="Maurice Allais">Maurice Allais</a> reported observing unusual and unexplained movements during solar eclipses in both 1954 and 1959.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The reality of this phenomenon, named the <a href="Allais_effect" title="Allais effect">Allais effect</a>, has remained controversial. Similarly, in 1970, <a href="Erwin_Saxl" title="Erwin Saxl">Saxl</a> and <a href="Mildred_Allen_(physicist)" title="Mildred Allen (physicist)">Allen</a> observed the sudden change in motion of a torsion pendulum; this phenomenon is called the Saxl effect.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a>

Observation during the 1997 solar eclipse by Wang et al. suggested a possible <a href="Gravitational_shielding" title="Gravitational shielding">gravitational shielding</a> effect,<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> which generated debate. In 2002, Wang and a collaborator published detailed data analysis, which suggested that the phenomenon still remains unexplained.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eclipses_and_transits">Eclipses and transits</h3></div>

In principle, the simultaneous occurrence of a solar eclipse and a <a href="Astronomical_transit" title="Astronomical transit">transit</a> of a planet is possible. But these events are extremely rare because of their short durations. The next anticipated simultaneous occurrence of a solar eclipse and a <a href="Transit_of_Mercury" title="Transit of Mercury">transit of Mercury</a> will be on July 5, 6757, and a solar eclipse and a <a href="Transit_of_Venus" title="Transit of Venus">transit of Venus</a> is expected on April 5, 15232.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a>

More common, but still infrequent, is a <a href="Astronomical_conjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical conjunction">conjunction</a> of a planet (especially, but not only, Mercury or Venus) at the time of a total solar eclipse, in which event the planet will be visible very near the eclipsed Sun, when without the eclipse it would have been lost in the Sun's glare. At one time, some scientists hypothesized that there may be a planet (often given the name <a href="Vulcan_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Vulcan (hypothetical planet)">Vulcan</a>) even closer to the Sun than Mercury; the only way to confirm its existence would have been to observe it in transit or during a total solar eclipse. No such planet was ever found, and <a href="General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a> has since explained the observations that led astronomers to suggest that Vulcan might exist.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artificial_satellites">Artificial satellites</h3></div>

Artificial satellites can also pass in front of the Sun as seen from Earth, but none is large enough to cause an eclipse. At the altitude of the <a href="International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>, for example, an object would need to be about 3.35 km (2.08 mi) across to blot the Sun out entirely. These transits are difficult to watch because the zone of visibility is very small. The satellite passes over the face of the Sun in about a second, typically. As with a transit of a planet, it will not get dark.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a>

Observations of eclipses from spacecraft or artificial satellites orbiting above Earth's atmosphere are not subject to weather conditions. The crew of <a href="Gemini_12" title="Gemini 12">Gemini 12</a> observed a total solar eclipse from space in 1966.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> The partial phase of the <a href="Solar_eclipse_of_August_11%2C_1999" title="Solar eclipse of August 11, 1999">1999 total eclipse</a> was visible from <a href="Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact">Impact</h3></div>

The <a href="Solar_eclipse_of_March_20%2C_2015" title="Solar eclipse of March 20, 2015">solar eclipse of March 20, 2015</a>, was the first occurrence of an eclipse estimated to potentially have a significant impact on the power system, with the electricity sector taking measures to mitigate any impact. The <a href="Synchronous_grid_of_Continental_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchronous grid of Continental Europe">continental Europe</a> and <a href="National_Grid_(Great_Britain)" title="National Grid (Great Britain)">Great Britain</a> synchronous areas were estimated to have about 90 <a href="Gigawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigawatt">gigawatts</a> of <a href="Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar power</a> and it was estimated that production would temporarily decrease by up to 34 GW compared to a clear sky day.<a href="#cite_note-eclImp-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a>

Eclipses may cause the temperature to decrease by 3 °C (5 °F), with <a href="Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind power</a> potentially decreasing as winds are reduced by 0.7 meters (2.3 ft) per second.<a href="#cite_note-RSwind-106">[106]</a>

In addition to the drop in light level and air temperature, animals change their behavior during totality. For example, birds and squirrels return to their nests and crickets chirp.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recent_and_forthcoming_solar_eclipses">Recent and forthcoming solar eclipses</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="List_of_solar_eclipses_in_the_21st_century" title="List of solar eclipses in the 21st century">List of solar eclipses in the 21st century</a></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Lists_of_solar_eclipses" title="Lists of solar eclipses">Lists of solar eclipses</a></div>

Eclipses occur only in the <a href="Eclipse_season" title="Eclipse season">eclipse season</a>, when the Sun is close to either the ascending or descending <a href="Lunar_node" title="Lunar node">node of the Moon</a>. Each eclipse is separated by one, five or six <a href="Lunation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunation">lunations</a> (<a href="Synodic_month" class="mw-redirect" title="Synodic month">synodic months</a>), and the midpoint of each season is separated by 173.3 days, which is the mean time for the Sun to travel from one node to the next. The period is a little less than half a calendar year because the lunar nodes slowly regress. Because 223 synodic months is roughly equal to 239 <a href="Anomalistic_month" class="mw-redirect" title="Anomalistic month">anomalistic months</a> and 242 <a href="Draconic_month" class="mw-redirect" title="Draconic month">draconic months</a>, eclipses with similar geometry recur 223 synodic months (about 6,585.3 days) apart. This period (18 years 11.3 days) is a <a href="Saros_(astronomy)" title="Saros (astronomy)">saros</a>. Because 223 synodic months is not identical to 239 anomalistic months or 242 draconic months, saros cycles do not endlessly repeat. Each cycle begins with the Moon's shadow crossing Earth near the north or south pole, and subsequent events progress toward the other pole until the Moon's shadow misses Earth and the series ends.<a href="#cite_note-period-28">[28]</a> Saros cycles are numbered; currently, cycles 117 to 156 are active.

<th class="nowrap" colspan="7">Solar eclipse series sets from 2018 to 2021

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="col" colspan="3">Ascending node

</th>

</td>

<th scope="col" colspan="3">Descending node

</th></tr>

<th scope="col">Saros

</th>

<th scope="col">Map

</th>

<th scope="col">Gamma

</th>

<th scope="col">Saros

</th>

<th scope="col">Map

</th>

<th scope="col">Gamma

</th></tr>

<td>117 Partial in <a href="Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, <a href="Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Solar_eclipse_of_July_13%2C_2018" title="Solar eclipse of July 13, 2018">July 13, 2018</a> Partial

</td>

<td>−1.35423

</td>

<td>122 Partial in <a href="Nakhodka" title="Nakhodka">Nakhodka</a>, <a href="Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Solar_eclipse_of_January_6%2C_2019" title="Solar eclipse of January 6, 2019">January 6, 2019</a> Partial

</td>

<td>1.14174

</td></tr>

<td>127 Totality in <a href="La_Serena%2C_Chile" title="La Serena, Chile">La Serena</a>, <a href="Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Solar_eclipse_of_July_2%2C_2019" title="Solar eclipse of July 2, 2019">July 2, 2019</a> Total

</td>

<td>−0.64656

</td>

<td>132 Annularity in <a href="Jaffna%2C_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaffna, Sri Lanka">Jaffna</a>, <a href="Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Solar_eclipse_of_December_26%2C_2019" title="Solar eclipse of December 26, 2019">December 26, 2019</a> Annular

</td>

<td>0.41351

</td></tr>

<td>137 Annularity in <a href="Beigang%2C_Yunlin" title="Beigang, Yunlin">Beigang, Yunlin</a>, <a href="Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Solar_eclipse_of_June_21%2C_2020" title="Solar eclipse of June 21, 2020">June 21, 2020</a> Annular

</td>

<td>0.12090

</td>

<td>142 Totality in <a href="Gorbea%2C_Chile" title="Gorbea, Chile">Gorbea</a>, <a href="Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Solar_eclipse_of_December_14%2C_2020" title="Solar eclipse of December 14, 2020">December 14, 2020</a> Total

</td>

<td>−0.29394

</td></tr>

<td>147 Partial in <a href="Halifax%2C_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Halifax, Canada">Halifax, Canada</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Solar_eclipse_of_June_10%2C_2021" title="Solar eclipse of June 10, 2021">June 10, 2021</a> Annular

</td>

<td>0.91516

</td>

<td>152 From HMS Protector off <a href="South_Georgia" title="South Georgia">South Georgia</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Solar_eclipse_of_December_4%2C_2021" title="Solar eclipse of December 4, 2021">December 4, 2021</a> Total

</td>

<td>−0.95261

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<th class="nowrap" colspan="7">Solar eclipse series sets from 2022 to 2025

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="col" colspan="3">Ascending node

</th>

</td>

<th scope="col" colspan="3">Descending node

</th></tr>

<th scope="col">Saros

</th>

<th scope="col">Map

</th>

<th scope="col">Gamma

</th>

<th scope="col">Saros

</th>

<th scope="col">Map

</th>

<th scope="col">Gamma

</th></tr>

<td>119 Partial in <a href="Cerro_Tololo_Inter-American_Observatory" title="Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory">CTIO</a>, <a href="Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Solar_eclipse_of_April_30%2C_2022" title="Solar eclipse of April 30, 2022">April 30, 2022</a> Partial

</td>

<td>−1.19008

</td>

<td>124 Partial from <a href="Saratov%2C_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Saratov, Russia">Saratov</a>, <a href="Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Solar_eclipse_of_October_25%2C_2022" title="Solar eclipse of October 25, 2022">October 25, 2022</a> Partial

</td>

<td>1.07014

</td></tr>

<td>129 Partial in <a href="Magetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Magetan">Magetan</a>, <a href="Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Solar_eclipse_of_April_20%2C_2023" title="Solar eclipse of April 20, 2023">April 20, 2023</a> Hybrid

</td>

<td>−0.39515

</td>

<td>134 Annularity in <a href="Hobbs%2C_New_Mexico" title="Hobbs, New Mexico">Hobbs, NM, USA</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Solar_eclipse_of_October_14%2C_2023" title="Solar eclipse of October 14, 2023">October 14, 2023</a> Annular

</td>

<td>0.37534

</td></tr>

<td>139 Totality in <a href="Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas, TX, USA</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Solar_eclipse_of_April_8%2C_2024" title="Solar eclipse of April 8, 2024">April 8, 2024</a> Total

</td>

<td>0.34314

</td>

<td>144 Annularity in <a href="Santa_Cruz_Province%2C_Argentina" title="Santa Cruz Province, Argentina">Santa Cruz Province, Argentina</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Solar_eclipse_of_October_2%2C_2024" title="Solar eclipse of October 2, 2024">October 2, 2024</a> Annular

</td>

<td>−0.35087

</td></tr>

<td>149

</td>

<td><a href="Solar_eclipse_of_March_29%2C_2025" title="Solar eclipse of March 29, 2025">March 29, 2025</a> Partial

</td>

<td>1.04053

</td>

<td>154

</td>

<td><a href="Solar_eclipse_of_September_21%2C_2025" title="Solar eclipse of September 21, 2025">September 21, 2025</a> Partial

</td>

<td>−1.06509

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<th class="nowrap" colspan="7">Solar eclipse series sets from 2026 to 2029

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="col" colspan="3">Ascending node

</th>

</td>

<th scope="col" colspan="3">Descending node

</th></tr>

<th scope="col">Saros

</th>

<th scope="col">Map

</th>

<th scope="col">Gamma

</th>

<th scope="col">Saros

</th>

<th scope="col">Map

</th>

<th scope="col">Gamma

</th></tr>

<td>121

</td>

<td><a href="Solar_eclipse_of_February_17%2C_2026" title="Solar eclipse of February 17, 2026">February 17, 2026</a> Annular

</td>

<td>−0.97427

</td>

<td>126

</td>

<td><a href="Solar_eclipse_of_August_12%2C_2026" title="Solar eclipse of August 12, 2026">August 12, 2026</a> Total

</td>

<td>0.89774

</td></tr>

<td>131

</td>

<td><a href="Solar_eclipse_of_February_6%2C_2027" title="Solar eclipse of February 6, 2027">February 6, 2027</a> Annular

</td>

<td>−0.29515

</td>

<td>136

</td>

<td><a href="Solar_eclipse_of_August_2%2C_2027" title="Solar eclipse of August 2, 2027">August 2, 2027</a> Total

</td>

<td>0.14209

</td></tr>

<td>141

</td>

<td><a href="Solar_eclipse_of_January_26%2C_2028" title="Solar eclipse of January 26, 2028">January 26, 2028</a> Annular

</td>

<td>0.39014

</td>

<td>146

</td>

<td><a href="Solar_eclipse_of_July_22%2C_2028" title="Solar eclipse of July 22, 2028">July 22, 2028</a> Total

</td>

<td>−0.60557

</td></tr>

<td>151

</td>

<td><a href="Solar_eclipse_of_January_14%2C_2029" title="Solar eclipse of January 14, 2029">January 14, 2029</a> Partial

</td>

<td>1.05532

</td>

<td>156

</td>

<td><a href="Solar_eclipse_of_July_11%2C_2029" title="Solar eclipse of July 11, 2029">July 11, 2029</a> Partial

</td>

<td>−1.41908

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<ul><li><a href="Lists_of_solar_eclipses" title="Lists of solar eclipses">Lists of solar eclipses</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_films_featuring_eclipses" title="List of films featuring eclipses">List of films featuring eclipses</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a>: First joint U.S.–Soviet space flight. Mission included an arranged eclipse of the Sun by the Apollo module to allow instruments on the Soyuz to take photographs of the solar corona.</li>

<li><a href="Eclipse_chasing" title="Eclipse chasing">Eclipse chasing</a>: Travel to eclipse locations for study and enjoyment</li>

<li><a href="Occultation" title="Occultation">Occultation</a>: Generic term for occlusion of an object by another object that passes between it and the observer, thus revealing (for example) the presence of an exoplanet orbiting a distant star by eclipsing it as seen from Earth</li>

<li><a href="Eclipses_in_history_and_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclipses in history and culture">Eclipses in history and culture</a>: treatment of solar and lunar eclipses by historical and contemporary society and religion</li>

<li><a href="Solar_eclipses_in_fiction" title="Solar eclipses in fiction">Solar eclipses in fiction</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_eclipses_on_the_Moon" title="Solar eclipses on the Moon">Solar eclipses on the Moon</a>: Eclipse of the Sun by planet Earth, as seen from the Moon

<ul><li><a href="Lunar_eclipse" title="Lunar eclipse">Lunar eclipse</a>: Solar eclipse of the Moon, as seen from Earth; the shadow cast on the Moon by that eclipse</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Transit_of_Venus" title="Transit of Venus">Transit of Venus</a>: Passage of the planet Venus between the Sun and Earth, as seen from Earth. Technically a partial eclipse.</li>

<li><a href="Transit_of_Deimos_from_Mars" title="Transit of Deimos from Mars">Transit of Deimos from Mars</a>: Passage of the Martian moon Deimos between the Sun and Mars, as seen from Mars</li>

<li><a href="Transit_of_Phobos_from_Mars" title="Transit of Phobos from Mars">Transit of Phobos from Mars</a>: Passage of the Martian moon Phobos between the Sun and Mars, as seen from Mars</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2></div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/What_is_an_eclipse">"What is an eclipse?"</a>. European Space Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180804140739/https://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/What_is_an_eclipse">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-08-04. Retrieved 2018-08-04.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-totality-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-totality_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-totality_2-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFLittmannEspenakWillcox2008" class="citation book cs1">Littmann, Mark; Espenak, Fred; Willcox, Ken (2008). Totality: Eclipses of the Sun. Oxford University Press. pp. 18–19. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-953209-4</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Five solar eclipses occurred in 1935.<cite id="CITEREFNASA2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> (September 6, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEcat5/SE1901-2000.html">"Five Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse.html">NASA Eclipse Web Site</a>. <a href="Fred_Espenak" title="Fred Espenak">Fred Espenak</a>, Project and Website Manager. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100429001425/http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2010. Retrieved January 26, 2010.</cite>

</li>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Harrington, pp. 7–8

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<li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Harrington, pp. 13–14; Steel, pp. 266–279

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<li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://education.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/pages/faq.html">NASA – Eclipse 99 – Frequently Asked Questions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527142627/http://education.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/pages/faq.html">Archived</a> 2010-05-27 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – There is a mistake in the How long will we continue to be able to see total eclipses of the Sun? answer, "...the Sun's angular diameter varies from 32.7 minutes of arc when the Earth is at its farthest point in its orbit (aphelion), and 31.6 arc minutes when it is at its closest (perihelion)." It should appear smaller when farther, so the values should be swapped.

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<li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Steel, pp. 319–321

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<li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Steel, pp. 317–319

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<li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Harrington, pp. 5–7

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<li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Steel, p. 4

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<li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> For 360 years, see Harrington, p. 9; for 410 years, see Steel, p. 31

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<li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGrego,_Peter2008" class="citation book cs1">Grego, Peter (2008). Venus and Mercury, and How to Observe Them. Springer. p. 3. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0387742854</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eclipse.astronomie.info/transit/venus/isstransit/isstransit.html">"ISS-Venustransit"</a>. astronomie.info (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728093541/https://eclipse.astronomie.info/transit/venus/isstransit/isstransit.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-07-28. Retrieved 2004-07-29.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204064644/http://images.jsc.nasa.gov/luceneweb/caption_direct.jsp?photoId=S66-63415">"JSC Digital Image Collection"</a>. NASA Johnson Space Center. January 11, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://images.jsc.nasa.gov/luceneweb/caption_direct.jsp?photoId=S66-63415">the original</a> on February 4, 2012. Retrieved January 15, 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFNemiroffBonnell1999" class="citation web cs1">Nemiroff, R.; Bonnell, J., eds. (August 30, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap990830.html">"Looking Back on an Eclipsed Earth"</a>. <a href="Astronomy_Picture_of_the_Day" title="Astronomy Picture of the Day">Astronomy Picture of the Day</a>. <a href="NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. Retrieved January 15, 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-eclImp-104"><a href="#cite_ref-eclImp_104-0">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.entsoe.eu/Documents/Publications/SOC/150219_Solar_Eclipse_Impact_Analysis_Final.pdf">Solar Eclipse 2015 – Impact Analysis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170221054328/https://www.entsoe.eu/Documents/Publications/SOC/150219_Solar_Eclipse_Impact_Analysis_Final.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-02-21 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" pp. 3, 6–7, 13. <a href="European_Network_of_Transmission_System_Operators_for_Electricity" title="European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity">European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity</a>, 19 February 2015. Accessed: 4 March 2015.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ing.dk/sites/ing/files/solformoerkelse.jpg">"Curve of potential power loss"</a>. ing.dk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728045324/https://ing.dk/sites/ing/files/solformoerkelse.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-07-28. Retrieved 2015-03-04.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-RSwind-106"><a href="#cite_ref-RSwind_106-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGrayHarrison2012" class="citation journal cs1">Gray, S. L.; Harrison, R. G. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/468/2143/1839">"Diagnosing eclipse-induced wind changes"</a>. <a href="Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Proceedings of the Royal Society">Proceedings of the Royal Society</a>. 468 (2143): 1839–1850. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012RSPSA.468.1839G">2012RSPSA.468.1839G</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.2012.0007">10.1098/rspa.2012.0007</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150304105008/http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/468/2143/1839">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-03-04. Retrieved 2015-03-04.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFYoung" class="citation web cs1">Young, Alex. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170918132039/https://eclipse2017.nasa.gov/how-eclipses-work">"How Eclipses Work"</a>. NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eclipse2017.nasa.gov/how-eclipses-work">the original</a> on 2017-09-18. Retrieved 21 September 2017.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFMuckeMeeus1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Hermann_Mucke_(astronomer)" title="Hermann Mucke (astronomer)">Mucke, Hermann</a>; <a href="Jean_Meeus" title="Jean Meeus">Meeus, Jean</a> (1992). Canon of Solar Eclipses −2003 to +2526 (2 ed.). Vienna: Astronomisches Büro.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHarrington1997" class="citation book cs1">Harrington, Philip S. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eclipsewhatwhere00harr">Eclipse! The What, Where, When, Why and How Guide to Watching Solar and Lunar Eclipses</a>. New York: John Wiley and Sons. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-471-12795-7</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSteel1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Duncan_Steel" title="Duncan Steel">Steel, Duncan</a> (1999). Eclipse: The celestial phenomenon which has changed the course of history. London: Headline. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7472-7385-5</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMobberley2007" class="citation book cs1">Mobberley, Martin (2007). Total Solar Eclipses and How to Observe Them. Astronomers' Observing Guides. New York: Springer. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-387-69827-4</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFEspenak2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Fred_Espenak" title="Fred Espenak">Espenak, Fred</a> (2015). Thousand Year Canon of Solar Eclipses 1501 to 2500. Portal AZ: Astropixels Publishing. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-941983-02-7</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFEspenak2016" class="citation book cs1">Espenak, Fred (2016). 21st Century Canon of Solar Eclipses. Portal AZ: Astropixels Publishing. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-941983-12-6</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFotheringham1921" class="citation book cs1"><a href="John_Knight_Fotheringham" title="John Knight Fotheringham">Fotheringham, John Knight</a> (1921). <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Historical_eclipses" class="extiw external" title="s:Historical eclipses">Historical eclipses</a>: being the Halley lecture delivered 17 May 1921. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Solar_eclipses" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Solar eclipses">Solar eclipses</a>.</div></div>

</div>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Solar_eclipses#Q3887" class="extiw external" title="wikivoyage:Solar eclipses">Solar eclipses</a>.</div></div>

</div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/eclipses/home/">NASA Eclipse Web Site, with information on future eclipses and eye safety information</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse.html">NASA Eclipse Web Site (older version)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eclipsewise.com/eclipse.html">Eclipsewise</a>, Fred Espenak's new eclipse site</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://andrew-lowe.ca/eclipse_page.htm">Andrew Lowe's Eclipse Page</a>, with maps and circumstances for 5000 years of solar eclipses</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fraknoi.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/ECLIPSE-ACTIVITIES-for-Educators.pdf">A Guide to Eclipse Activities for Educators</a>, Explaining eclipses in educational settings</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://moonblink.info/Eclipse/">Detailed eclipse explanations and predictions</a>, Hermit Eclipse</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zam.fme.vutbr.cz/~druck/Eclipse/">Eclipse Photography</a>, Prof. Miroslav Druckmüller</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160415224149/http://shadowandsubstance.com/2017/2017e.html">Animated maps of August 21, 2017 solar eclipses</a>, Larry Koehn</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xjubier.free.fr/en/site_pages/solar_eclipses/5MCSE/xSE_Five_Millennium_Canon.html">Five Millennium (−1999 to +3000) Canon of Solar Eclipses Database</a>, Xavier M. Jubier</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alienworlds.southwales.ac.uk/solarEclipse.html">Animated explanation of the mechanics of a solar eclipse</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130525061317/http://alienworlds.southwales.ac.uk/solarEclipse.html">Archived</a> 2013-05-25 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, University of South Wales</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.twanight.org/newTWAN/gallery.asp?Gallery=Eclipses&page=1">Eclipse Image Gallery</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161015033303/http://www.twanight.org/newTWAN/gallery.asp?Gallery=Eclipses&page=1">Archived</a> 2016-10-15 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The World at Night</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140422080638/http://www.photoparsi.com/5/556-ring-of-fire-eclipse">Ring of Fire Eclipse: 2012</a>, Photos</li>

<li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Sun,_Eclipses_of_the">"Sun, Eclipses of the" </a>. <a href="Collier's_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's New Encyclopedia</a>. 1921.</cite></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f0eFjqvvd14">Centered and aligned video recording of Total Solar Eclipse 20th March 2015</a> on <a href="YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcollections.ucsc.edu/cdm/search/collection/p265101coll10/searchterm/Solar%20eclipses/mode/exact">Solar eclipse photographs taken from the Lick Observatory from the Lick Observatory Records Digital Archive, UC Santa Cruz Library’s Digital Collections</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200605233244/http://digitalcollections.ucsc.edu/cdm/search/collection/p265101coll10/searchterm/Solar%20eclipses/mode/exact">Archived</a> 2020-06-05 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sr8ASPwrs58">Video with Total Solar Eclipse March 09 2016 (from the beginning to the total phase)</a> on <a href="YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2i4PJWCNBaM">Total Solar Eclipse Shadow on Earth March 09 2016</a> CIMSSSatelite</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.solar-eclipse.info/en/eclipse/">List of all solar eclipses</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/101-videos/solar-eclipse-101/">National Geographic Solar Eclipse 101 video</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180804110250/https://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/101-videos/solar-eclipse-101">Archived</a> 2018-08-04 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

<li> <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Skygazing/Solar_eclipse_lab_on_a_sunny_day" class="extiw external" title="v:Skygazing/Solar eclipse lab on a sunny day">Wikiversity has a solar eclipse lab that students can do on any sunny day.</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Solar_eclipses1125" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Baily's_beads" title="Baily's beads">Baily's beads (diamond ring)</a></li>

<li><a href="Shadow_bands" title="Shadow bands">Shadow bands</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_prominence" title="Solar prominence">Solar prominence</a></li>

<li><a href="Stellar_corona" title="Stellar corona">Stellar corona</a>

<ul><li><a href="Helmet_streamer" title="Helmet streamer">helmet streamer</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Lists_of_solar_eclipses" title="Lists of solar eclipses">Lists of eclipses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_solar_eclipses_in_antiquity" title="List of solar eclipses in antiquity">Antiquity</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_solar_eclipses_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="List of solar eclipses in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li>

<li>Modern era

<li><a href="Solar_eclipses_after_the_modern_era" title="Solar eclipses after the modern era">Future</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Saros_(astronomy)" title="Saros (astronomy)">Saros series</a> (<a href="List_of_saros_series_for_solar_eclipses" title="List of saros series for solar eclipses">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visibility</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_solar_eclipses_visible_from_Australia" title="List of solar eclipses visible from Australia">Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_solar_eclipses_visible_from_the_British_Isles" title="List of solar eclipses visible from the British Isles">British Isles</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_solar_eclipses_visible_from_China" title="List of solar eclipses visible from China">China</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_solar_eclipses_visible_from_Israel" title="List of solar eclipses visible from Israel">Israel</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_solar_eclipses_visible_from_the_Philippines" title="List of solar eclipses visible from the Philippines">Philippines</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_solar_eclipses_visible_from_Russia" title="List of solar eclipses visible from Russia">Russia</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_solar_eclipses_visible_from_Turkey" title="List of solar eclipses visible from Turkey">Turkey</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_solar_eclipses_visible_from_Ukraine" title="List of solar eclipses visible from Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_solar_eclipses_visible_from_the_United_States" title="List of solar eclipses visible from the United States">United States</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mursili's_eclipse" title="Mursili's eclipse">Mursili's eclipse</a> (1312 BC)</li>

<li><a href="Assyrian_eclipse" title="Assyrian eclipse">Assyrian eclipse</a> (763 BC)</li>

<li><a href="Eclipse_of_Thales" title="Eclipse of Thales">Eclipse of Thales</a> (585 BC)</li>

<li><a href="Muhammad's_eclipse" title="Muhammad's eclipse">Muhammad's eclipse</a> (632 AD)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"> Total/hybrid eclipses → next total/hybrid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul>

</ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"> Annular eclipses → next annular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul>

</ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"> Partial eclipses → next partial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul>

</ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Other bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Solar_eclipses_on_Jupiter" title="Solar eclipses on Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_eclipses_on_Neptune" title="Solar eclipses on Neptune">Neptune</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_eclipses_on_Pluto" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar eclipses on Pluto">Pluto</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_eclipses_on_Saturn" title="Solar eclipses on Saturn">Saturn</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_eclipses_on_Uranus" title="Solar eclipses on Uranus">Uranus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Allais_effect" title="Allais effect">Allais effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Eclipse_chasing" title="Eclipse chasing">Eclipse chasing</a>

<ul><li><a href="Solar_viewer" title="Solar viewer">Solar viewer</a></li>

<li><a href="Eclipse_photography" title="Eclipse photography">Eclipse photography</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Eclipse_cycle" title="Eclipse cycle">Eclipse cycle</a></li>

<li><a href="Eclipse_season" title="Eclipse season">Eclipse season</a></li>

<li><a href="Eclipses_in_mythology_and_culture" title="Eclipses in mythology and culture">Eclipses in mythology and culture</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_films_featuring_eclipses" title="List of films featuring eclipses">List of films featuring eclipses</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_eclipse" title="Lunar eclipse">Lunar eclipse</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnitude_of_eclipse" title="Magnitude of eclipse">Magnitude of eclipse</a></li>

<li><a href="Transit_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transit (astronomy)">Planetary transit</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_eclipses_in_fiction" title="Solar eclipses in fiction">Solar eclipses in fiction</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div>

<ul><li> <a href="Portal%3AAstronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy portal</a></li>

<li> <a href="Portal%3ASolar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System portal</a></li>

<li> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Sun300" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="The_Sun300" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Sun" title="Sun">The Sun</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Standard_solar_model" title="Standard solar model">Internal structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Radiative_zone" title="Radiative zone">Radiative zone</a></li>

<li><a href="Tachocline" title="Tachocline">Tachocline</a></li>

<li><a href="Convection_zone" title="Convection zone">Convection zone</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Stellar_atmosphere" title="Stellar atmosphere">Atmosphere</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="Photosphere" title="Photosphere">Photosphere</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Supergranulation" title="Supergranulation">Supergranulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_granule" title="Solar granule">Granule</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_facula" title="Solar facula">Faculae</a></li>

<li><a href="Sunspot" title="Sunspot">Sunspot</a></li>

<li><a href="Ellerman_bomb" title="Ellerman bomb">Ellerman bomb</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="Chromosphere" title="Chromosphere">Chromosphere</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Solar_plage" title="Solar plage">Plage</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_spicule" title="Solar spicule">Spicule</a></li>

<li><a href="Moreton_wave" title="Moreton wave">Moreton wave</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="Stellar_corona" title="Stellar corona">Corona</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Solar_transition_region" title="Solar transition region">Transition region</a></li>

<li><a href="Coronal_hole" title="Coronal hole">Coronal hole</a></li>

<li><a href="Coronal_loop" title="Coronal loop">Coronal loop</a></li>

<li><a href="Coronal_mass_ejection" title="Coronal mass ejection">Coronal mass ejection</a></li>

<li><a href="Nanoflare" title="Nanoflare">Nanoflare</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_prominence" title="Solar prominence">Prominence</a></li>

<li><a href="Helmet_streamer" title="Helmet streamer">Helmet streamer</a></li>

<li><a href="Supra-arcade_downflows" title="Supra-arcade downflows">Supra-arcade downflows</a></li>

<li><a href="Alfv%C3%A9n_surface" title="Alfvén surface">Alfvén surface</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Solar_variation" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar variation">Variation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Solar_cycle" title="Solar cycle">Solar cycle</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_solar_cycles" title="List of solar cycles">List of solar cycles</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Active_region" title="Active region">Active region</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_maximum" title="Solar maximum">Solar maximum</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_minimum" title="Solar minimum">Solar minimum</a></li>

<li><a href="Sunspot_number" title="Sunspot number">Sunspot number</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">Solar wind</a>

<ul><li><a href="Solar_wind_turbulence" title="Solar wind turbulence">Solar wind turbulence</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Magnetic_switchback" title="Magnetic switchback">Magnetic switchback</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_flare" title="Solar flare">Flare</a></li>

<li><a href="Helioseismology" title="Helioseismology">Helioseismology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Heliosphere" title="Heliosphere">Heliosphere</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Corotating_interaction_region" title="Corotating interaction region">Corotating interaction region</a></li>

<li><a href="Heliospheric_current_sheet" title="Heliospheric current sheet">Current sheet</a></li>

<li><a href="Heliosphere#Termination_shock" title="Heliosphere">Termination shock</a></li>

<li><a href="Heliosphere#Heliosheath" title="Heliosphere">Heliosheath</a></li>

<li><a href="Heliopause_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliopause (astronomy)">Heliopause</a></li>

<li><a href="Bow_shock" title="Bow shock">Bow shock</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Eclipses_in_mythology_and_culture" title="Eclipses in mythology and culture">In mythology and culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_eclipse" title="Lunar eclipse">Lunar eclipse</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Heliophysics" title="Heliophysics">Heliophysics</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Sun_in_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sun in culture">In culture</a>

<ul><li><a href="Solar_deity" title="Solar deity">Solar deity</a>

<li><a href="Sun_in_fiction" title="Sun in fiction">Sun in fiction</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar activity">Solar activity</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar astronomy">Solar astronomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_dynamo" title="Solar dynamo">Solar dynamo</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">Solar energy</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_neutrino" title="Solar neutrino">Solar neutrino</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_observation" title="Solar observation">Solar observation</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_phenomena" title="Solar phenomena">Solar phenomena</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_physics" title="Solar physics">Solar physics</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_radio_emission" title="Solar radio emission">Solar radio emission</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_telescope" title="Solar telescope">Solar telescope</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_time" title="Solar time">Solar time</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_climate" title="Space climate">Space climate</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_weather" title="Space weather">Space weather</a></li>

<li><a href="Standard_solar_model" title="Standard solar model">Standard solar model</a></li>

<li><a href="Sunlight" title="Sunlight">Sunlight radiation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification">Spectral class</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="G-type_main-sequence_star" title="G-type main-sequence star">G-type main-sequence star</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exploration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Solar_observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar observatory">Solar observatory</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_heliophysics_missions" title="List of heliophysics missions">List of heliophysics missions</a></li>

<li>Category:Missions to the Sun</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Moon412" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Moon412" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="Outline_of_the_Moon" title="Outline of the Moon">Outline</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Internal_structure_of_the_Moon" title="Internal structure of the Moon">Internal structure</a></li>

<li><a href="Selenography" title="Selenography">Topography</a></li>

<li><a href="Atmosphere_of_the_Moon" title="Atmosphere of the Moon">Atmosphere</a></li>

<li><a href="Gravitation_of_the_Moon" title="Gravitation of the Moon">Gravity field</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hill_sphere" title="Hill sphere">Hill sphere</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Magnetic_field_of_the_Moon" title="Magnetic field of the Moon">Magnetic field</a></li>

<li><a href="Sodium_tail_of_the_Moon" title="Sodium tail of the Moon">Sodium tail</a></li>

<li><a href="Moonlight" title="Moonlight">Moonlight</a>

<ul><li><a href="Earthlight" title="Earthlight">Earthlight</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Orbit_of_the_Moon" title="Orbit of the Moon">Orbit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Orbital_elements" title="Orbital elements">Orbital elements</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lunar_distance" title="Lunar distance">Distance</a>

<ul><li><a href="Apsis" title="Apsis">Perigee and apogee</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Libration" title="Libration">Libration</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_node" title="Lunar node">Nodes</a>

<ul><li><a href="Nodal_period" title="Nodal period">Nodal period</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_precession" title="Lunar precession">Precession</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Syzygy_(astronomy)" title="Syzygy (astronomy)">Syzygy</a>

<li><a href="Eclipse" title="Eclipse">Eclipses</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lunar_eclipse" title="Lunar eclipse">Lunar eclipse</a>

<ul><li><a href="Total_penumbral_lunar_eclipse" title="Total penumbral lunar eclipse">Total penumbral lunar eclipse</a></li>

<li><a href="Tetrad_(astronomy)" title="Tetrad (astronomy)">Tetrad</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Solar_eclipses_on_the_Moon" title="Solar eclipses on the Moon">Solar eclipses on the Moon</a></li>

<li><a href="Eclipse_cycle" title="Eclipse cycle">Eclipse cycle</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Supermoon" title="Supermoon">Supermoon</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Tidal_force" title="Tidal force">Tidal force</a></li>

<li><a href="Tidal_locking" title="Tidal locking">Tidal locking</a></li>

<li><a href="Tidal_acceleration" title="Tidal acceleration">Tidal acceleration</a></li>

<li><a href="Tidal_range" title="Tidal range">Tidal range</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_station" title="Lunar station">Lunar station</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface and <a href="List_of_lunar_features" title="List of lunar features">features</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Selenography" title="Selenography">Selenography</a></li>

<li><a href="Terminator_(solar)" title="Terminator (solar)">Terminator</a></li>

<li>Hemispheres

<li>Poles

<ul><li><a href="Lunar_north_pole" title="Lunar north pole">North pole</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_south_pole" title="Lunar south pole">South pole</a>

<li><a href="Lunar_mare" title="Lunar mare">Maria</a>

<li><a href="List_of_mountains_on_the_Moon" title="List of mountains on the Moon">Mountains</a>

<ul><li><a href="Peak_of_eternal_light" title="Peak of eternal light">Peak of eternal light</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_valleys_on_the_Moon" title="List of valleys on the Moon">Valleys</a></li>

<li><a href="Volcanism_on_the_Moon#Features" title="Volcanism on the Moon">Volcanic features</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lunar_dome" title="Lunar dome">Domes</a></li>

<li><a href="Caldera#The_Moon" title="Caldera">Calderas</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_lava_tube" title="Lunar lava tube">Lava tubes</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_craters" title="Lunar craters">Craters</a>

<li><a href="Ray_system#Lunar_rays" title="Ray system">Ray systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Permanently_shadowed_crater" title="Permanently shadowed crater">Permanently shadowed craters</a></li>

<li><a href="South_Pole%E2%80%93Aitken_basin" title="South Pole–Aitken basin">South Pole–Aitken basin</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_regolith" title="Lunar regolith">Regolith</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lunar_swirls" title="Lunar swirls">swirls</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Rille" title="Rille">Rilles</a></li>

<li><a href="Wrinkle_ridge" title="Wrinkle ridge">Wrinkle ridges</a></li>

<li><a href="Moon_rock" title="Moon rock">Rocks</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lunar_basalt_70017" title="Lunar basalt 70017">Lunar basalt 70017</a></li>

<li><a href="Changesite-(Y)" title="Changesite-(Y)">Changesite-(Y)</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_water" title="Lunar water">Water</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_weathering" title="Space weathering">Space weathering</a>

<ul><li><a href="Micrometeorite" title="Micrometeorite">Micrometeorite</a></li>

<li><a href="Sputtering" title="Sputtering">Sputtering</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Quake_(natural_phenomenon)#Moonquake" title="Quake (natural phenomenon)">Quakes</a></li>

<li><a href="Transient_lunar_phenomenon" title="Transient lunar phenomenon">Transient lunar phenomenon</a></li>

<li><a href="Selenographic_coordinate_system" title="Selenographic coordinate system">Selenographic coordinate system</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lunar_observation" title="Lunar observation">Observation</a></li>

<li><a href="Libration#Lunar_libration" title="Libration">Libration</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_theory" title="Lunar theory">Lunar theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Origin_of_the_Moon" title="Origin of the Moon">Origin</a>

<ul><li><a href="Giant-impact_hypothesis" title="Giant-impact hypothesis">Giant-impact hypothesis</a>

<ul><li><a href="Theia_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Theia (hypothetical planet)">Theia</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_magma_ocean" title="Lunar magma ocean">Lunar magma ocean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Geology_of_the_Moon" title="Geology of the Moon">Geology</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lunar_geologic_timescale" title="Lunar geologic timescale">Timescale</a>

<ul><li><a href="Late_Heavy_Bombardment" title="Late Heavy Bombardment">Late Heavy Bombardment</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_meteorite" title="Lunar meteorite">Lunar meteorites</a></li>

<li><a href="KREEP" title="KREEP">KREEP</a></li>

<li><a href="Volcanism_on_the_Moon" title="Volcanism on the Moon">Volcanism</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Experiments

<ul><li><a href="Lunar_Laser_Ranging_experiments" title="Lunar Laser Ranging experiments">Lunar laser ranging</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_Lunar_Surface_Experiments_Package" title="Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package">ALSEP</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_sample_displays" title="Lunar sample displays">Lunar sample displays</a>

<ul><li><a href="Apollo_11_lunar_sample_display" title="Apollo 11 lunar sample display">Apollo 11</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_17_lunar_sample_display" title="Apollo 17 lunar sample display">Apollo 17</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_seismology" title="Lunar seismology">Lunar seismology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">Missions</a>

<ul><li><a href="Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Apollo_astronauts#Apollo_astronauts_who_walked_on_the_Moon" title="List of Apollo astronauts">Explorers</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_lunar_probes" title="List of lunar probes">Probes</a></li>

<li><a href="Moon_landing" title="Moon landing">Landing</a></li>

<li><a href="Colonization_of_the_Moon" title="Colonization of the Moon">Colonization</a>

<ul><li><a href="Moonbase" title="Moonbase">Moonbase</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tourism_on_the_Moon" title="Tourism on the Moon">Tourism</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_resources" title="Lunar resources">Lunar resources</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Time-telling and <a href="Celestial_navigation" title="Celestial navigation">navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar calendar</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar calendar</a></li>

<li><a href="Month" title="Month">Month</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lunar_month" title="Lunar month">Lunar month</a>

<ul><li><a href="Nodal_period" title="Nodal period">Nodal period</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Fortnight" title="Fortnight">Fortnight</a></li>

<li><a href="Week" title="Week">Sennight</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_station" title="Lunar station">Lunar station</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_distance_(navigation)" title="Lunar distance (navigation)">Lunar distance</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Lunar_phase" title="Lunar phase">Phases</a> and names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Full_moon#Full_moon_names" title="Full moon">Names</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Crescent" title="Crescent">Crescent</a></li>

<li><a href="Supermoon" title="Supermoon">Super and micro</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_eclipse" title="Lunar eclipse">Blood</a></li>

<li><a href="Black_moon" title="Black moon">Black</a></li>

<li><a href="Tetrad_(astronomy)" title="Tetrad (astronomy)">Tetrad</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Daily phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Moonrise_and_moonset" title="Moonrise and moonset">Moonrise</a></li>

<li><a href="Culmination" title="Culmination">Meridian passage</a></li>

<li><a href="Moonrise_and_moonset" title="Moonrise and moonset">Moonset</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Lunar_deity" title="Lunar deity">Lunar deities</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_effect" title="Lunar effect">Lunar effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Earth_phase" title="Earth phase">Earth phase</a></li>

<li><a href="Moon_illusion" title="Moon illusion">Moon illusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_pareidolia" title="Lunar pareidolia">Pareidolia</a>

<li><a href="Moon_rabbit" title="Moon rabbit">Moon rabbit</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_people_with_craters_of_the_Moon_named_after_them" title="List of people with craters of the Moon named after them">Craters named after people</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_artificial_objects_on_the_Moon" title="List of artificial objects on the Moon">Artificial objects on the Moon</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_extraterrestrial_memorials#The_Moon" title="List of extraterrestrial memorials">Memorials on the Moon</a></li>

<li><a href="Moon_in_science_fiction" title="Moon in science fiction">Moon in science fiction</a>

<li><a href="List_of_fictional_astronauts_(Project_Apollo_era)" title="List of fictional astronauts (Project Apollo era)">Apollo era</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_fictional_astronauts_(futuristic_exploration_of_Moon)" title="List of fictional astronauts (futuristic exploration of Moon)">futuristic exploration</a></li>

<li><a href="Hollow_Moon" title="Hollow Moon">Hollow Moon</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories" title="Moon landing conspiracy theories">Moon landing conspiracy theories</a></li>

<li><a href="Moon_Treaty" title="Moon Treaty">Moon Treaty</a></li>

<li>"<a href="The_Moon_is_made_of_green_cheese" title="The Moon is made of green cheese">Moon is made of green cheese</a>"</li>

<li><a href="Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">Natural satellite</a></li>

<li><a href="Double_planet" title="Double planet">Double planet</a></li>

<li><a href="Planetary_objects_proposed_in_religion%2C_astrology%2C_ufology_and_pseudoscience#Lilith" title="Planetary objects proposed in religion, astrology, ufology and pseudoscience">Lilith (hypothetical second moon)</a></li>

<li><a href="Splitting_of_the_Moon" title="Splitting of the Moon">Splitting of the Moon</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Stars520" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Stars520" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Star" title="Star">Stars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Star_formation" title="Star formation">Formation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">Accretion</a></li>

<li><a href="Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">Molecular cloud</a></li>

<li><a href="Bok_globule" title="Bok globule">Bok globule</a></li>

<li><a href="Young_stellar_object" title="Young stellar object">Young stellar object</a>

<ul><li><a href="Protostar" title="Protostar">Protostar</a></li>

<li><a href="Pre-main-sequence_star" title="Pre-main-sequence star">Pre-main-sequence</a></li>

<li><a href="Herbig_Ae/Be_star" title="Herbig Ae/Be star">Herbig Ae/Be</a></li>

<li><a href="T_Tauri_star" title="T Tauri star">T Tauri</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Herbig%E2%80%93Haro_object" title="Herbig–Haro object">Herbig–Haro object</a></li>

<li><a href="Hayashi_track" title="Hayashi track">Hayashi track</a></li>

<li><a href="Henyey_track" title="Henyey track">Henyey track</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">Evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Main_sequence" title="Main sequence">Main sequence</a></li>

<li><a href="Red-giant_branch" title="Red-giant branch">Red-giant branch</a></li>

<li><a href="Horizontal_branch" title="Horizontal branch">Horizontal branch</a>

<ul><li><a href="Red_clump" title="Red clump">Red clump</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Asymptotic_giant_branch" title="Asymptotic giant branch">Asymptotic giant branch</a>

<li><a href="Super-AGB_star" title="Super-AGB star">super-AGB</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Planetary_nebula" title="Planetary nebula">Planetary nebula</a>

<ul><li><a href="Protoplanetary_nebula" title="Protoplanetary nebula">Protoplanetary</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Wolf%E2%80%93Rayet_nebula" title="Wolf–Rayet nebula">Wolf–Rayet nebula</a></li>

<li><a href="Dredge-up" title="Dredge-up">Dredge-up</a></li>

<li><a href="Instability_strip" title="Instability strip">Instability strip</a></li>

<li><a href="Luminous_blue_variable" title="Luminous blue variable">Luminous blue variable</a></li>

<li><a href="Stellar_population" title="Stellar population">Stellar population</a></li>

<li><a href="Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernova</a>

<ul><li><a href="Superluminous_supernova" title="Superluminous supernova">Superluminous</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification">Classification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Early-type_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Early-type star">Early</a></li>

<li>Main sequence

<li><a href="Subdwarf" title="Subdwarf">Subdwarf</a>

<li><a href="Subgiant" title="Subgiant">Subgiant</a></li>

<li><a href="Giant_star" title="Giant star">Giant</a>

<li><a href="Yellow_giant" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow giant">Yellow</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bright_giant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bright giant">Bright giant</a></li>

<li><a href="Supergiant" title="Supergiant">Supergiant</a>

<li><a href="Yellow_supergiant" title="Yellow supergiant">Yellow</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hypergiant" title="Hypergiant">Hypergiant</a>

<ul><li><a href="Yellow_hypergiant" title="Yellow hypergiant">Yellow</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Carbon_star" title="Carbon star">Carbon</a>

<li><a href="White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">White dwarf</a></li>

<li><a href="Chemically_peculiar_star" title="Chemically peculiar star">Chemically peculiar</a>

<li><a href="Barium_star" title="Barium star">Barium</a></li>

<li><a href="Lambda_Bo%C3%B6tis_star" title="Lambda Boötis star">Lambda Boötis</a></li>

<li><a href="Technetium_star" title="Technetium star">Technetium</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Shell_star" title="Shell star">Shell</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Helium_star" title="Helium star">Helium</a>

<ul><li><a href="Extreme_helium_star" title="Extreme helium star">Extreme</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Blue_straggler" title="Blue straggler">Blue straggler</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Compact_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact star">Remnants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Compact_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact star">Compact star</a></li>

<li><a href="IRAS_00500%2B6713" title="IRAS 00500+6713">Parker's star</a></li>

<li><a href="White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">White dwarf</a>

<ul><li><a href="Helium_planet" title="Helium planet">Helium planet</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">Neutron</a>

<ul><li><a href="Radio-quiet_neutron_star" title="Radio-quiet neutron star">Radio-quiet</a></li>

<li><a href="Pulsar" title="Pulsar">Pulsar</a>

<ul><li><a href="Binary_pulsar" title="Binary pulsar">Binary</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnetar" title="Magnetar">Magnetar</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Stellar_black_hole" title="Stellar black hole">Stellar black hole</a></li>

<li><a href="X-ray_binary" title="X-ray binary">X-ray binary</a>

<ul><li><a href="X-ray_burster" title="X-ray burster">Burster</a></li></ul></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Hypothetical_star" title="Hypothetical star">Hypothetical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Blue_dwarf_(red-dwarf_stage)" title="Blue dwarf (red-dwarf stage)">Blue dwarf</a></li>

<li><a href="Black_dwarf" title="Black dwarf">Black dwarf</a></li>

<li><a href="Exotic_star" title="Exotic star">Exotic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Boson_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Boson star">Boson</a></li>

<li><a href="Electroweak_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroweak star">Electroweak</a></li>

<li><a href="Strange_star" title="Strange star">Strange</a></li>

<li><a href="Preon_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Preon star">Preon</a></li>

<li><a href="Planck_star" title="Planck star">Planck</a></li>

<li><a href="Dark-energy_star" title="Dark-energy star">Dark-energy</a></li>

<li><a href="Quark_star" title="Quark star">Quark</a></li>

<li>Black hole star

<ul><li><a href="Black_star_(semiclassical_gravity)" title="Black star (semiclassical gravity)">Black</a></li>

<li>Hawking</li>

<li><a href="Quasi-star" title="Quasi-star">Quasi-star</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Gravastar" title="Gravastar">Gravastar</a></li>

<li><a href="Thorne%E2%80%93%C5%BBytkow_object" title="Thorne–Żytkow object">Thorne–Żytkow object</a></li>

<li><a href="Blitzar" title="Blitzar">Blitzar</a></li>

<li><a href="White_hole" title="White hole">White hole</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Stellar_nucleosynthesis" title="Stellar nucleosynthesis">Nucleosynthesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Deuterium_fusion" title="Deuterium fusion">Deuterium burning</a></li>

<li><a href="Lithium_burning" title="Lithium burning">Lithium burning</a></li>

<li><a href="Proton%E2%80%93proton_chain" title="Proton–proton chain">Proton–proton chain</a></li>

<li><a href="CNO_cycle" title="CNO cycle">CNO cycle</a></li>

<li><a href="Helium_flash" title="Helium flash">Helium flash</a></li>

<li><a href="Triple-alpha_process" title="Triple-alpha process">Triple-alpha process</a></li>

<li><a href="Alpha_process" title="Alpha process">Alpha process</a></li>

<li><a href="Carbon-burning_process" title="Carbon-burning process">C burning</a></li>

<li><a href="Neon-burning_process" title="Neon-burning process">Ne burning</a></li>

<li><a href="Oxygen-burning_process" title="Oxygen-burning process">O burning</a></li>

<li><a href="Silicon-burning_process" title="Silicon-burning process">Si burning</a></li>

<li><a href="S-process" title="S-process">s-process</a></li>

<li><a href="R-process" title="R-process">r-process</a></li>

<li><a href="P-process" title="P-process">p-process</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Symbiotic_nova" title="Symbiotic nova">Symbiotic</a></li>

<li><a href="Nova_remnant" title="Nova remnant">Remnant</a></li>

<li><a href="Luminous_red_nova" title="Luminous red nova">Luminous red nova</a></li>

<li><a href="Nova#Recurrent_novae" title="Nova">Recurrent</a></li>

<li><a href="Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Supernova_nucleosynthesis" title="Supernova nucleosynthesis">Supernova</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Stellar_structure" title="Stellar structure">Structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Convection_zone" title="Convection zone">Convection zone</a>

<ul><li><a href="Microturbulence" title="Microturbulence">Microturbulence</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar-like_oscillations" title="Solar-like oscillations">Oscillations</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Radiation_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation zone">Radiation zone</a></li>

<li><a href="Stellar_atmosphere" title="Stellar atmosphere">Atmosphere</a>

<ul><li><a href="Photosphere" title="Photosphere">Photosphere</a></li>

<li><a href="Starspot" title="Starspot">Starspot</a></li>

<li><a href="Chromosphere" title="Chromosphere">Chromosphere</a></li>

<li><a href="Stellar_corona" title="Stellar corona">Stellar corona</a></li>

<li><a href="Alfv%C3%A9n_surface" title="Alfvén surface">Alfvén surface</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Stellar_wind" title="Stellar wind">Stellar wind</a>

<ul><li><a href="Stellar-wind_bubble" title="Stellar-wind bubble">Bubble</a></li>

<li><a href="Bipolar_outflow" title="Bipolar outflow">Bipolar outflow</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Accretion disk</a>

<ul><li><a href="Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">Protoplanetary disk</a></li>

<li><a href="Proplyd" title="Proplyd">Proplyd</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Asteroseismology" title="Asteroseismology">Asteroseismology</a>

<ul><li><a href="Helioseismology" title="Helioseismology">Helioseismology</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Circumstellar_dust" title="Circumstellar dust">Circumstellar dust</a></li>

<li><a href="Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li>

<li><a href="Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li>

<li><a href="Eddington_luminosity" title="Eddington luminosity">Eddington luminosity</a></li>

<li><a href="Kelvin%E2%80%93Helmholtz_mechanism" title="Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism">Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Stellar_designations_and_names" title="Stellar designations and names">Designation</a></li>

<li><a href="Stellar_dynamics" title="Stellar dynamics">Dynamics</a></li>

<li><a href="Effective_temperature" title="Effective temperature">Effective temperature</a></li>

<li><a href="Luminosity" title="Luminosity">Luminosity</a></li>

<li><a href="Stellar_kinematics" title="Stellar kinematics">Kinematics</a></li>

<li><a href="Stellar_magnetic_field" title="Stellar magnetic field">Magnetic field</a></li>

<li><a href="Absolute_magnitude" title="Absolute magnitude">Absolute magnitude</a></li>

<li><a href="Metallicity" title="Metallicity">Metallicity</a></li>

<li><a href="Stellar_rotation" title="Stellar rotation">Rotation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Gravity_darkening" title="Gravity darkening">Gravity darkening</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Starlight" title="Starlight">Starlight</a></li>

<li><a href="Variable_star" title="Variable star">Variable</a></li>

<li><a href="Photometric_system" title="Photometric system">Photometric system</a></li>

<li><a href="Color_index" title="Color index">Color index</a></li>

<li><a href="Hertzsprung%E2%80%93Russell_diagram" title="Hertzsprung–Russell diagram">Hertzsprung–Russell diagram</a></li>

<li><a href="Color%E2%80%93color_diagram" title="Color–color diagram">Color–color diagram</a></li>

<li><a href="Str%C3%B6mgren_sphere" title="Strömgren sphere">Strömgren sphere</a></li>

<li><a href="Kraft_break" title="Kraft break">Kraft break</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Star_system" title="Star system">Star systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Binary_star" title="Binary star">Binary</a>

<ul><li><a href="Contact_binary" title="Contact binary">Contact</a></li>

<li><a href="Common_envelope" title="Common envelope">Common envelope</a></li>

<li><a href="Eclipsing_binary" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclipsing binary">Eclipsing</a></li>

<li><a href="Symbiotic_binary" title="Symbiotic binary">Symbiotic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Star_system#Multiple_star_systems" title="Star system">Multiple</a></li>

<li><a href="Star_cluster" title="Star cluster">Cluster</a>

<li><a href="Globular_cluster" title="Globular cluster">Globular</a></li>

<li><a href="Super_star_cluster" title="Super star cluster">Super</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">Planetary system</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earth-centric observations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Solar_radio_emission" title="Solar radio emission">Solar radio emission</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></li>

<li><a href="Sunlight" title="Sunlight">Sunlight</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Circumpolar_star" title="Circumpolar star">Circumpolar</a></li>

<li><a href="Constellation" title="Constellation">Constellation</a></li>

<li><a href="Asterism_(astronomy)" title="Asterism (astronomy)">Asterism</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnitude_(astronomy)" title="Magnitude (astronomy)">Magnitude</a>

<ul><li><a href="Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">Apparent</a></li>

<li><a href="Extinction_(astronomy)" title="Extinction (astronomy)">Extinction</a></li>

<li><a href="Photographic_magnitude" title="Photographic magnitude">Photographic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Radial_velocity" title="Radial velocity">Radial velocity</a></li>

<li><a href="Proper_motion" title="Proper motion">Proper motion</a></li>

<li><a href="Stellar_parallax" title="Stellar parallax">Parallax</a></li>

<li><a href="Photometric-standard_star" title="Photometric-standard star">Photometric-standard</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Lists_of_stars" title="Lists of stars">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_proper_names_of_stars" title="List of proper names of stars">Proper names</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Arabic_star_names" title="List of Arabic star names">Arabic</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_star_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese star names">Chinese</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_star_extremes" title="List of star extremes">Extremes</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_most_massive_stars" title="List of most massive stars">Most massive</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_hottest_stars" title="List of hottest stars">Highest temperature</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_coolest_stars" title="List of coolest stars">Lowest temperature</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_largest_stars" title="List of largest stars">Largest volume</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_smallest_known_stars" title="List of smallest known stars">Smallest volume</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_brightest_stars" title="List of brightest stars">Brightest</a></li>

<li><a href="Historical_brightest_stars" title="Historical brightest stars">Historical brightest</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_most_luminous_stars" title="List of most luminous stars">Most luminous</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_nearest_stars" title="List of nearest stars">Nearest</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_nearest_bright_stars" title="List of nearest bright stars">bright</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_most_distant_stars" title="List of most distant stars">Most distant</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_stars_with_resolved_images" title="List of stars with resolved images">With resolved images</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_multiplanetary_systems" title="List of multiplanetary systems">With multiple exoplanets</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_brown_dwarfs" title="List of brown dwarfs">Brown dwarfs</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_red_dwarfs" title="List of red dwarfs">Red dwarfs</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_white_dwarfs" title="List of white dwarfs">White dwarfs</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_novae_in_the_Milky_Way_galaxy" title="List of novae in the Milky Way galaxy">Milky Way novae</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_supernovae" title="List of supernovae">Supernovae</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_supernova_candidates" title="List of supernova candidates">Candidates</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_supernova_remnants" title="List of supernova remnants">Remnants</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_planetary_nebulae" title="List of planetary nebulae">Planetary nebulae</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_stellar_astronomy" title="Timeline of stellar astronomy">Timeline of stellar astronomy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Substellar_object" title="Substellar object">Substellar object</a>

<ul><li><a href="Brown_dwarf" title="Brown dwarf">Brown dwarf</a>

<ul><li><a href="Brown-dwarf_desert" title="Brown-dwarf desert">Desert</a></li>

<li><a href="Planet" title="Planet">Planet</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Galactic_year" title="Galactic year">Galactic year</a></li>

<li><a href="Galaxy" title="Galaxy">Galaxy</a></li>

<li><a href="Guest_star_(astronomy)" title="Guest star (astronomy)">Guest</a></li>

<li><a href="Gravity" title="Gravity">Gravity</a></li>

<li><a href="Intergalactic_star" title="Intergalactic star">Intergalactic</a></li>

<li><a href="Neutron_star_merger" title="Neutron star merger">Neutron star merger</a></li>

<li><a href="Planet-hosting_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Planet-hosting stars">Planet-hosting stars</a></li>

<li><a href="Stellar_collision" title="Stellar collision">Stellar collision</a></li>

<li><a href="Stellar_engulfment" title="Stellar engulfment">Stellar engulfment</a></li>

<li><a href="Tidal_disruption_event" title="Tidal disruption event">Tidal disruption event</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> Category</li>

<li> <a href="Portal%3AStars" title="Portal:Stars">Stars portal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3887#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1232" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3887#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1232" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4181825-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85040739">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00568557">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph127546&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007531366605171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/d3c543f5-78bb-4a20-886f-09ca31228f39">Yale LUX</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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